Cytology & Histology

Advanced Techniques in Cytology and Histology

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New developments in the field of Cytology and Histology have challenged the way cytopathologists and histopathologists approach the diagnosis of a particular disease. The vast majority diseases are diagnosed in advanced clinical stages and are diagniosed by advanced cytological techniques. These include methods used in cell biology to culture, track, phenotype, sort and screen cells in populations or tissues, and molecular methods to understand cellular function. Advanced techniques in cytology and histology include fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), digital image analysis (DIA), immunohistochemistry, histomorphometry etc. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique that uses fluorescently labeled DNA probes to detect chromosomal alterations in cells. Through this advanced method one can detect various types of cytogenetic alterations, chromosomal abnormalities consistent with neoplasia in exfoliative and aspiration cytology specimens. Immunohistochemistry is a method that visualizes distribution and localization of specific antigen or cellular components in separated tissues, or tissue sections.